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Southern
Gardens
By
Thornton F. Jordan, Ph.D.
Pre-1850
Substitutes
In the last
newsletter (May 2001) we offered a master list of the 130 pre-1850 species
of flowers and shrubs currently growing in Westville’s gardens. Beyond
those, we offer here a list of additional period flowers which could be
substituted. I have indicated those grown at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello
by (TJ), and those grown at George Washington’s Mount Vernon by (GW).
| Amaranthus
caudatus |
Love-lies-bleeding
(TJ, MV) |
| Amaranthus
tricolor |
Joseph’s
Coat (TJ, MV) |
| Anemone
coronaria |
poppy
flowered anemone, or windflower (TJ, MV) |
| Antirrhinum
officinalis |
pasque
flower (TJ) |
| Antirrhinum
majus |
snapdragon
(TJ) |
| Aquilegia
canadensis |
common
snapdragon (TJ, MV) |
| Aquilegia
vulgaris |
wild
columbine (TJ, MV) |
| Arabis
alpina |
* *
* |
| Aster
novae-angliae |
rock
cress (TJ, GW) |
| Aurinia
saxatilis |
New
England aster (GW) |
| Belamcanda
chinensis |
Basket-of
-gold (GW) |
| Calendula
officinalis |
blackberry
lily, “Chinese Ixia” (TJ) |
| Callistephus
chinensis |
calendula,
pot marigold (TJ, GW) |
| Campanula
medium |
China
aster (GW) |
| Catharanthus
roseus |
Canterbury
bell, bellflower (TJ) |
| Celosia
cristata |
rose
periwinkle (GW) |
| Centaurea
macrocephala ) |
crested
cockscomb (TJ, GW) |
| Cheiranthus
Cheiri |
globe
centaurea (TJ ) |
| Chimaphila
maculata |
wallflower
(GW) |
| Cleome
Hasslerana |
spotted
wintergreen dragon’s tongue (TJ) |
| Consalida
orientalis |
spider
flower (GW) |
| Consolida
ambigua |
larkspur,
double pink, double white (TJ) |
| Crocus
vernis |
rocket
larkspur (GW) |
| Cypripedium
acaule |
Dutch
crocus (TJ, GW) |
| Cypripedium
calceolus var |
pink
Lady Slipper, ‘Mockaseen’(TJ) |
| pubescens
Delphinium |
yellow
Lady Slipper (TJ) |
| exaltatum
|
American
larkspur (TJ) |
| Dianthus
caryophyllus |
carnation
(TJ) |
| Dianthus
chinensis |
China
pink, “Indian Pink” (TJ) |
| Dianthus
plumaris |
clove
pink(TJ) |
| Dictamnus
albus |
gas
plant, “Fraxinella”(TJ) |
| Echinops
Ritro |
globe
thistle (GW) |
| Fritillaria
imperialis |
crown
imperial (GW) |
| Galanthus
nivalis |
snowdrop
(TJ, GW) |
| Gladiolus
communis |
gladiolus
(species) (TJ) |
| Glaucium
flavum |
yellow-horned
poppy (M) |
| Gomphrena
globosa |
globe
amaranth (TJ, GW) |
| Helianthus
divericatus |
wild
sunflower (TJ) |
| Heliotropium
arborescens |
heliotrope
(TJ, GW) |
| Hemerocallis
flava |
lemon
lily (TJ) |
| Heseperis
matronalis |
sweet
rocket (GW) |
| Homerocallis
fulva |
orange
daylily (GW) |
| Hyancinthus
orientalis |
hyacinth
(GW) |
| Hypoxis
hirsuta |
yellow
star-flower (TJ) |
| Impatiens
Balsamina |
balsam
(TJ, GW) |
| Ipomoea
quamoclit |
cypress
vine (species) (TJ) |
| Iris
germanica |
German
or bearded iris, “Flag” (TJ, GW) |
| Iris
sibrica |
Siberian
iris (GW) |
| Iris
xiphium |
Spanish
iris (TJ), or Dutch iris (GW) |
| Lathyrus
latifolius |
everlasting
pea (TJ) |
| Lathyrus
odoratus |
sweet
pea (“Painted Lady’) (TJ) |
| Lavetera
olbia |
tree
lavetera, “the shrub marshmallow”(TJ) |
| Laverta
thuringiaca |
* *
* |
| Lillium
candense |
Canadian
lily, “Canada martagon” (TJ) |
| Lillium
candidum |
Madonna
Lilly, “white lily” (TJ, GW) |
| Lillium
superbum |
Turk’s
cap lily, “Alleghany martagon” (TJ) |
| Lobelia
cardinalis |
cardinal
flower (TJ, GW) |
| Lobularia
maritima |
sweet
alyssum (GW) |
| Lychnis
chaldedonica |
Maltese
Cross, “scarlet lychnis” (TJ, GW) |
| Lychnis
Flos-cuculi |
Ragged
Robin (GW) |
| Malva
sylvestris |
cheeses
mallow, “French mallow”(TJ) |
| Matthila
incana |
stock,
“Gilliflower” (TJ, GW) |
| Nigella
sativa |
nigella,
“Nutmeg Plant (TJ, GW) |
| Mertensia
virginica |
Virginia
bluebell or cowslip (TJ, GW) |
| Mimosa
pudica |
sensitive
plant (TJ) |
| Mirablis
longiflora |
sweet
four ’clock’ (TJ) |
| Mirabilis
Jalapa |
four
o’clock (GW) |
| Momordica
balsamna |
balsam
apple (TJ) |
| Monarda
fistulosa |
wild
bergamot (GW) |
| Nepeta
Mussinii |
catmint
(GW) |
| Ornithogalum
nutans |
silverbell
(GW) |
| Ornithogalum
umbellatum |
silverbell
(GW) |
| Ornithogalum
umbellatum |
Star
of Bethlehem (GW) |
| Paeonia
officinalis |
peony
(“Alba Plena”) (TJ, GW) |
| Papaver
rhoeas |
corn
poppy, “dwarf poppy,” “lesser |
| Papaver
somniferum |
poppy”
(TJ) |
| Physalis
alkekengi |
Oriental
poppy (GW) |
| Polyanthes
tuberosa |
geranium
(TJ) |
| Primula
auricula |
Chinese
lantern, “European winter |
| Primula
vulgaris |
cherry”
(TJ) |
| Ranunculus
asiaticus |
tuberose
(TJ, GW) |
| Reseda
odorata |
auricula
|
| Scilla
bifolia ‘Rosea” |
English
primrose, Hose-in-Hose, double white |
| Solanum
pseudocapsicum |
(TJ,
GW) |
| Stachys
byzantina |
Persian
buttercup (TJ) |
| Swertia
caroliniensis |
mignonette
(TJ) |
| Tagetes
erecta |
squill
(GW) |
| Tagetes
patula |
Jerusalem
cherry (TJ) |
| Tropaeolum
majus |
wooly
Betony (GW) |
| Tulipa
sp. |
“American
columbuii” (TJ) |
| Tulipa
Gesneriana |
African
marigold (TJ, GW) |
| Trollius
europeus |
French
marigold (TJ, GW) |
| Zephyranthes
atamasco |
nasturtium
(TJ, GW) |
| Zinnia
angustifolia |
tulip
(TJ) |
| Zinnia
peruviana |
tulip
(GW) |
| Verbesina
enceliodes |
globeflower
(TJ) |
|
atamasco
lily (TJ) |
|
Augustifolia
zinnia (GW) |
|
Peruvian
zinnia (GW) |
|
golden
crownbread, “Ximenesia Enceliodes” |
Additional
Period flowers
Some in this
list duplicate those grown by Jefferson and Washington, but most are additional
possibilities gleaned from three books--Early American Gardens (1970);
American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century (1976); American Gardens in
the 19th Century (1987)--by Ann Leighton. U. Mass Press. Since the 19th-century
list covers the entire century, and pre-1850 varieties are not singled
out by Leighton, I have indicated which were known to be as early as the18th
century in parentheses (18). Also, I have put the common names first in
this list. I have repeated a few grown at Westville, or Monticello, or
Mount Vernon when Leighton provides information about origins and dates
of introduction.
agave
(18)
- Century plant
ageratum
amaryllis (18)
anemone known to Greeks, Persians; “Japanese” anemone sent to England
in 1844 by Robert Fortune, who saw them growing on Chinese tombs
astilbe means without brilliance; disc. in China in 1860
autumn crocus
balloon flower Platycodon campanulaceae Chinese type first described
by German professor in court of Catherine the Great. Japanese type disc.
by Charles Maries (no date)
bee balm (18) Moanarda didema
[begonia not important garden flower until 19th century, many available
around 1865]
blazing star (18) Liatris sicata
bleeding heart from China after 1842
bluebell also called Virginia bluebell, English bluebell, Spanish
hyacinth , scilla; Mertensia virginica,etc. Virginia bluebell sent back
to Europe from American
colonies
butterfly weed, butterfly bush, or summer lilac Buddleia loganicaceae;
shrub type Buddleia globosa intro to England from Peru 1774. The hardy
buddleia intro. later from Asia. Buddleia davidii sent to Kew in 1887]
burning bush, or Wahoo(18) Euonymus atropupurea
candleberry (18) Myrica cerifa
camellia first sent to England in 1705. Arrived in America in late
18th cent.
cassia (18) Cassia fasciculata, or Georgia Cluster Pea, or Partridge
Pea
cassia (18) Cassia marilandica, or Wild Senna
China aster
Chinaberry tree (18)
chrysanthemum columbine (18)
Crabapple (18)
cross vine (18) Bignonia capreolata
cyclamen (18)
dahlia
deutzia [note: Leighton is wrong on date--mentioned in 1854 by
American letter to Natchez Daily Courier; see Stritikus article]
American larkspur (18) Delphinium nuttalianum Oregon and northern
Calif. D.
exaltum
D. carolinianum D. ajacis (annual English garden) [gigantic hybrids came
later]
eggplant (18)
evening primrose American native, into Europe in 17th
everlasting flower Helichrysum compositae
flowering almond (18) Prunus tribola
foxglove(18) Digitalis
genseng (18) Panax quinquefolium
geranium (18) formerly Pelargonium. S Africa, late 18th
gladiolus
loxinia
hollyhock
horminum sage
hyacinth
hydrangea intro 1788
[Impatiens sultanii “Busy Lizzie” in England sent to Europe
from Zanzibar in 1865]
ixia (18)
kalmia (18)
kerria intro to England by William Kerr, sent from Kew to China
by William Banks
lobelia blue lobelia from South Africa in 1800s Lobelia cardinalis,
native to North America. Lobelia siphilitica
Jerusalem artichoke (18)
Joe-pye weed (18) Eupatorium purpureum
leucothoe (18)
liverwort (18) Hepatica tribola
lobelia (18) L. cardinalis and syphlitica
love-in-a-mist (18) Nigella damascena. Jefferson’s nutmeg. Fennel
flower”
lupines (18) (see p. 450)
mayapple (18) Podophylum peltatum
majorum
marigold (18) Calendula officinalis. With discovery in Mexico of
Tagetes erecta, called “French marigolds,” calendulas became “pot marigolds”
“myrtle” (18) common name for vinca major and minor
nasturtium (18) Tropaeolum majus. “Indian cress”
okra 18) Hibiscus esculentus; wild in West Indies
oleander (18) Nerium oleander
pansy (18) Viola tricolor
papaw (18) Asimina tribola (American) “Custard apple”
passion flower (18) Passiflora incarnata, and lutea
penstemon
petunia (19)
creeping phlox Phlox subalta
pomegranate (18) Punica granatum
Pride of China tree (18) Melia azederach
privet
purple coneflower Echinea purpurea
pyracantha , or firethorn (18) P. coccinea
rose campion (18) Lychnis coronaria
rose of Sharon (18) Hibiscus syracus
rosemary (wild) (18) Ledum palustre
rhubarb (18) Rheum rhaponticum
sassafras (18) Laurus sassafrasas
snowflake (18) Leucojum vernum
sourwood tree Olydendrum arboreum
scabiosa
spiderwort
strawflower
Texas sage
tulip tree
viburnum Viburnum tinnis
Virginia sweetspire Itea virginica
weeping willow (18) Salix babylonica
white campion (18) Lychnis alba
wild ginger (18) Asarum
witchhazel (18)
zinnia (species) Z. multiflora; from Mexico; in gardens in late
18th
California poppy was cause of Spanish calling California the “Golden
West.” Poppy taken back to Russia around 1818
Trees and plants known to be in the South by 1855 as mentioned
in Cotton Planter Vol.3 (1855) :381-4. [see article by George R. Stritikus,
extension horticulturist, Auburn U. in Magnolia: Bulletin of the Southern
Garden History Society XII.4(Fall 1996). Letter containing info originally
published as letter to the editor, Natchez Daily Courier, Oct 24, 1854.
Laurier Amandier Cerarus Caroliniensis
myrtles (probably wax myrtles)
China tree (may be Chinaberry tree)
water oak
live oak
cork oak Quercus suber holly-leaved oak cut-leaved turkey oak (may
be Quercus laevis)
Imperial Paulownia varnish tree (Stericlua platynifolia); modern
name Firmiana simplex
croton tree [ i.d not certain]
everlasting China [ i.d not certain]
flowering acacia (Acacia julibrissin); modern name Albizzia julibrissin
scarlet maple
ash-leaved maple, or box elder (Negundo)
Southern cypress
weeping willow (Salix babylonica ‘Crispa’ or sometimes ‘Annularis’
introduced 1730.;the more commonly seen Salix matsudana ‘Tortuosa’ not
introduced until 1923
ginko Ginko biloba
double-flowering peach
pecan
mountain ash, or Rowan tree
large-leaved magnolia M. macrophylla, Magnolia grandiflora,
Ilex holly Ilex vomitaria
“long-leaf or Old-field pine” (long-leaf is Pinus palustris; old-field
is Loblolly or Pinus taeda)
Norway spruce Picea abies
red cedar Juniper virginiana (actually a juniper--ie., has berries,
not cones)
Great Indian Cedar Cedrus deodora
Cedars of Lebanon
Cryptomeria Japonica
Cunninghamii Sinensis
Chili pine Arancaria imbricata
American arbor vita Thuja occidentalis
viburnum Viburnum tinus var. ‘Lucidum’
viburnum tinus
photynia Japanese Hawthorn or smooth-leaved photynia (mod. Japanese
photynia Photynia glabra)
holly-leaved photynia P. serrulata
pittisporums, evergreen and variegated
fragrant olive, or tea olive Olea fragrans
Chinese privet Ligustrum lucidum wax-leaved privet
Japan plum Eriobotyria (Meapilus) Japonica; modern name Eriobotyria
Japonica, or Loquat
Cape jessamine gardenia (modern name)
dwarf gardenia Gardenia radicans
Fortune’s new Chinese gardenia Gardenia fortunii
Fringe Tree ,or Venetian sumac, or Mist tree (Fringe tree or Grancy
Greybeard is Chionanthus virginicus; but could be lilac-chaste tree, Vitex
agnus-castus)
deutzia
crape myrtle
double-flowering pomegranates
forsythias
honeysuckles
lilacs
snowballs
syringas (or Mock Orange) (native is Philadelphus inodorus and
has no fragrance; Philadelphus coronarius looks like native but is strongly
scented)
ivy
broom (probably Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius)
Period
Medicinal Plants
Sorrell Rumex acetosa
Coriander
Camomile
Comfrey
Maidenhair fern
Horehound
Liverwort Hepatica americana
Marigold Calendula officinalis
Majorum
Mustard Brassica nigra
Monk’s rhubarb Rumex patientia
Plantain Plantago major
Rhubarb Rheum rhaponticum
Summer savory Satureia hortensis
Scurvy grass Cochlearia offic.
Solomon’s seal
Tansy
Tarragon
Valerian V. offic.
Jacob’s ladder Poleminium caeruleum
Wallflowers
Medicinal
Plants listed in Doctor’s Office at Westville
Witch hazel
Calamus
Sumac
Wild onion
Wintergreen
Wild garlic
Wild ginger
Sheep sorrel
Poke
Sassafras
Wild cherry
Wood sorrel
Cassina (Ilex)
Redroot
Maiden’s bedstraw
Yellow dock
Shepherd's purse
Blue vervain
Catnip
Heal-all
Horsemint
Mullein
Dog Fennel
Dandelion
Rabbit tobacco
Butterfly weed
Ginseng
Indian pipe
Boneset
Bloodroot
Blackberry
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Southern
Gardens
Thornton Jordan Ph.D.
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